The recovery of lanthanides (lanthanum, cerium, erbium, and europium) and yttrium from nitrate leach liquor of SINGLE SUPER PHOSPHATE FERTILIZER was investigated using di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA). After the preliminary crushing in specified dimensions, first, nitric acid leaching was accomplished using 60% (13.28 mol L-1) nitric acid at 65oC, which resulted in the recovery of 91% for lanthanides and yttrium. The precipitation process from the leach liquor removed about 75% of interfering ions. Then, the raffinate and synthetic nitrate solutions were submitted to the extraction process. The main parameters of the extraction process were the extractant concentration, HNO3 concentration, temperature, contact time, and Vorg./Vaq.. After determination of the optimum condition of the extraction of lanthanides and yttrium, the extraction was performed using leach liquor solution, which resulted in the recovery of 97.65%, 97.82%, 98.12%, 95.82%, and 96.34% for La, Ce, Y, Er, and Er, respectively. Selective strippings of lanthanides and yttrium from the loaded organic phase were studied using nitric acid. The main variable for stripping process were the stripping agent concentration and the contact time between the loaded organic and aqueous phases. Under the determined optimum conditions, a one step stripping of the loaded organic phase, stripped 97.12%, 96.48%, 97.25%, 98.31%, and 97.12% of La, Ce, Y, Er, and Eu, respectively. The synergistic D2EHPA-TBP mixture increased the extraction efficiency by 3%.

Introduction Cadmium (Cd) mobility in soil is affected by various factors and its absorption from soil by tobacco is higher than other crops. Application of PHOSPHATE FERTILIZERs in agricultural lands is an essential step to increase the yield of tobacco plants. Since most PHOSPHATE FERTILIZERs contain small amounts of Cd, the uptake of Cd by tobacco plant in its cultivated areas due to the application of triple SUPERPHOSPHATE FERTILIZER (TSP) is not unexpected. In many tobacco growing areas, the water or soil used is between low and medium salinity in terms of salinity, which can also influence the solubility of cadmium and, consequently, its uptake by tobacco plant. Cadmium can be absorbed through food, drink and respiration. This metal not only is absorbed by the digestive organs, but also is absorbed by the respiratory organs through airborne particles and cigarette smoke. Tobacco is resistant to high concentrations of Cd in soil and can absorb it from Cd-contaminated soil. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of P FERTILIZER and salinity on Cd mobility in soil and tobacco plant. Materials and Methods This experiment was conducted with the aim of investigating the interaction of three factors of irrigation salinity (0, 20 and 40 mM NaCl), triple tuper PHOSPHATE FERTILIZER (TSP) (0 and 1. 5 g kg-1 soil) and soil Cd contamination level (0 and 12 mg kg-1 soil) in a completely randomized design with four replications on shoot Cd concentration, smoke Cd concentration, extraction percentage of DTPA, tobacco ash Cd concentration, Cd mobility factor and Cd fractions in soil. To homogenize the samples, they were thoroughly mixed together and the resulting composite samples were passed through a 2 mm sieve to incubate the samples and then implant. Cadmium contamination levels (0 and 12 mg kg-1) were prepared from Cd(NO3)2. 4H2O source. Prior to planting, the relevant levels of contamination were added by spraying on the entire soil surface and mixed thoroughly. Soil samples were transferred to plastic storage containers and incubated for four months in a controlled greenhouse within a temperature range of 25-30 °, C and 70% water holding capacity of the soil measured by the weighing method. Cultivation was carried out under controlled conditions in a greenhouse environment located in Bardaskan city. Two 60-day-old tobacco seedlings (Nicotiana tabacum L. ) of Cocker 347 cultivar, which were previously seeded in non-contaminated cadmium soil and grown with non-saline water, were transferred to each pot and planted. The cultivar used in this experiment was a greenhouse tobacco cultivar used in the cigarette industry. Immediately after transferring the seedlings to pots, irrigation was performed with saline-free water (distilled water), salinity of 20 or 40 mM NaCl salt for 75 days according to the required treatment. Up to the fourth week, the amount of 400 ml per pot in each irrigation cycle, and after that until the end of the experiment, the amount of 800 ml per pot in each irrigation cycle was applied. Results and Discussion The results showed that Cd mobility factor in Cd-contaminated soil increased on average by 25. 6%, 32. 4% and 36. 2% compared to non-contaminated soil at 0, 20 and 40 mM salinity, respectively. Application of PHOSPHATE FERTILIZER significantly reduced the mobility factor of cadmium in non-cadmium-contaminated soils. In Cd-contaminated soil, the extraction percentage of DTPA increased 26. 5% and 56. 4% with increasing irrigation salinity levels from 0-20 and 0-40, respectively. In non-Cd contaminated soil, TSP application reduced extraction percentage of DTPA 20. 2%, 28. 4% and 24. 6% in 0, 20 and 40 irrigation salinity levels, respectively in compared to non-TSP application. With increasing the levels of soil Cd contamination, the percentage Cd concentration in oxide fraction of soil decreased and the percentage of Cd concentration in carbonate, organic and residual fractions increased. Application of TSP increased the concentration of residual Cd fraction in the soil. Conclusion With increasing the level of Cd contamination in soil, the percentage of Cd in carbonate and organic fractions increased compared to non-Cd contaminated soil. The results showed that TSP application in Cd contaminated soil in salinitylevels of 0, 20, and 40 mM increased Cd concentration of tobacco ash by 1. 47%, 15. 89% and 29. 80% and increased Cd concentration of tobacco smoke by 23. 20%, 23. 30% and 18%, respectively. Salinity factor and PHOSPHATE FERTILIZER showed the reverse effect on soluble + exchangeable cadmium and DTPA available Cd in soil, so with increasing salinity, these concentrations increased and with increasing triple SUPERPHOSPHATE FERTILIZER decreased.

The high cost of chemical FERTILIZERs used in agriculture and the environmental problems due to their use reveal the need to reappraise conventional plant nutrition practices. Integrated use of bioFERTILIZERs combined with synthetic FERTILIZERs is one of the essential sustainable agricultural strategies. To this end, this study was carried out by using a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the experimental field of Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz Branch during 2018 cropping season. The first factor was different amounts of triple SUPERPHOSPHATE FERTILIZER with three levels (0, 50 and 100 kg. ha-1) and the second factor was phosphorus bioFERTILIZER also with three levels (0, 100 and 200 g. ha-1). Result of analysis of variance revealed that the effect of different levels of biophosphorus FERTILIZER and triple SUPERPHOSPHATE on all measured characteristics were significant but the interaction effect of treatments was not significant. Based on the results of this study, the highest seed yield, 1000 seed weight, seed oil percentage, head diameter and number of seed per head and lowest empty seed belonged to the use of 100 kg. ha-1 triple SUPERPHOSPHATE with 200 g. ha-1 biophosphorus FERTILIZER. It seems triple SUPERPHOSPHATE FERTILIZER to increase the concentration of soil cadmium by 54%, due to its impurities, including heavy elements, but increasing the levels of phosphorus FERTILIZER in the soil reduces the concentration of cadmium by 45%. According to these results, the application of 100 kg. ha-1 of triple SUPERPHOSPHATE and 200 g. ha-1 of phosphorus FERTILIZER per hectare, compared to other treatments, may increase seed yield and absorption of elements of sunflower in this region.

In order to investigate the possibility of replacing triple SUPERPHOSPHATE FERTILIZER with biological FERTILIZERs in mung bean cultivation, an experiment was randomized block design with 3 replications, in a split-plot arrangement was conducted in a research field in Malekshahi town, Ilam province, Iran in 2013. Treatments include five levels of triple SUPERPHOSPHATE FERTILIZER (P) as the main plot including 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of the recommended amount, and bioFERTILIZER (B) as a sub-plot in four levels including: without inoculation (B0), mycorrhiza (B1), PHOSPHATE solubilizing bacteria (Pseudomonas) (B2) and combination of mycorrhiza and pseudomonas (B3). Results showed that phosphorous FERTILIZER significantly affected whole studied traits excluding root nodes number. The highest and lowest seed yield was achieved with 75% of triple SUPERPHOSPHATE FERTILIZER, 1354.45 kg/ha, which showed a 73% increase compared to the control (no phosphorus FERTILIZER). Also, results showed that bioFERTILIZER had a significant effect on all studied traits excluding days to reaching so the greatest grain yield obtained in pseudomonas treatment by 1238.82 kg/ha. Overall results showed that bioFERTILIZERs from different sources could reduce phosphorous FERTILIZER requirement and so result in increasing yield

In order to study the effects of SUPER PHOSPHATE triple, water deficit stress and Glomus hoi biological FERTILIZER on some quantity and quality characteristics of Coriander, this experiment was conducted at Iran Research Institute of Forest and Rangelands in 2006. Field experiment was carried out by a split factorial design with 4 replications. The factors which studied were 0, 16 and 32 kg ha-1 P2O5 (SUPER PHOSPHATE triple) and two levels irrigation, irrigation after 30 mm water evaporation from evaporation pan (without stress conditions), irrigation after 60 mm water evaporation (drought stress conditions) and application and non-application of mycorrhiza (Glomus hoi). The results showed that drought stress has significant effect on biological yield, flowering shoot yield and essential oil yield of flowering shoot, root yield, root length, root diameter, essential oil percentage of flowering shoot ( a=1%). Highest biological yield, flowering shoot yield, essential oil yield of flowering shoot, root yield and root diameter were achieved without stress conditions and highest essential oil percent of flowering shoot and root length were achieved under stress conditions. Also phosphorus significant effects on biological yield, flowering shoot yield, essential oil yield of flowering shoot, root yield, essential oil percentage of flowering shoot and root length (a=1%) and root diameter were not significantly affected due to phosphorus. Comparison of means showed that highest biological yield, flowering shoot yield, essential oil yield of flowering shoot, root yield and root length were determined under application of 70 kg ha-1 phosphorus and highest essential oil percentage of flowering shoot were achieved under application of 35 kg ha-1 phosphorus. Mycorrhiza significant effect on biological yield, flowering shoot yield, essential oil yield of flowering shoot, root yield (a=1%) and root length (a=5%) and root diameter and essential oil percent of flowering shoot were not significant. Highest biological yield, flowering shoot yield and essential oil yield of flowering shoot, root yield and root length were achieved under application of mycorrhiza. The result showed that quantity and quality characteristics of Coriander increased by mycorrhiza and decreased application of phosphorus.

In order to evaluate organic phosphorus FERTILIZER and phosphorus bioFERTILIZER Barvar 2, as a substitute for chemical P FERTILIZERs in wheat production, an experiment was conducted during two growing seasons of 2005-06 and 206-07, in a field in Bardsir city, Kerman Province, using a randomized complete block design with 12 treatments and 3 replicates. Treatments were T1=150 kg/ha organic P FERTILIZER +100gr Barvar 2, T2=100 kg/ha organic phosphorus FERTILIZER +100gr Barvar 2, T3=50 kg/ha organic phosphorus FERTILIZER +100 gr Barvar 2, T4=50 kg/ha organic phosphorus FERTILIZER,T5=100 kg/ha organic P FERTILIZER, T6=150 kg/ha organic phosphorus FERTILIZER,T7=50 kg/ha triple SUPER PHOSPHATE +100gr Barvar 2 ,T8=100 kg/ha triple SUPER PHOSPHATE +100gr Barvar 2, T9=150 kg/ha triple SUPER PHOSPHATE +100gr Barvar 2, T10=50 kg/ha triple SUPER PHOSPHATE,T11=100 kg/ha triple SUPER PHOSPHATE and T12=150 kg/ha triple SUPER PHOSPHATE. The measured properties were: grain yield, ears/m2, grains per ear, thousand kernel weight and soil phosphorus after harvest. According to the results, the highest yield (8477 kg/ha) was obtained by application of Barvar 2 together with 150kg/ha organic phosphorus FERTILIZER, which showed a yield increase of 58.4% in comparison with the control treatment i.e. 50 kg/ha triple SUPER PHOSPHATE(T10) (local practice based on soil analysis). The highest yield components measured were 43.3 gr thousand kernel weight, 466ears/m2, and 47.67 grains per ear in treatment T1, which, in comparison with the control, showed an increase of, respectively, 28.3%, 39.2% and 32.9%. The highest phosphorus fixation in soil was 9.78 mg/kg and belonged to the treatment of 150 kg/ha triple SUPER PHOSPHATE(T12), which had no significant difference with treatments T11.

In order to investigate the effect of various rates of phosphorus FERTILIZER and efficiency amount of broadcasting and banding methods on yield and yield components of corn (Zea mays L.), a field experiment were arranged in a split-plot design based on a randomized complete block design with four replications at the Research field, Ramin Agricultural and Natural Resources University, Mollathani, Khouzestan, Iran, during 2008 growing season.Treatments included: phosphorus various amounts (0, 150 and 300 kg.ha-1) as main factor from triple-SUPER PHOSPHATE source, and fertilization methods (broadcast FERTILIZER, banding FERTILIZER in depths of 10, 20 cm and double banding application in depths of 10 and 20 cm), as sub factor. The results indicated that interaction of phosphorus FERTILIZER various rates and fertilization methods did not have a significant effect on yield and yield components of corn grain (exception biological yield). However, all various phosphorus FERTILIZER rates and fertilization methods caused significant differences among grain yield, harvest index and the number grain per row.Between the number of grains per m2 and 1000-Kernel were signification differences while FERTILIZER rates were not significantly different on traits.The number row per ear was not affected by any treatments. In addition, grain yield of double banding treatment was 34% higher than broadcast FERTILIZER (control) and in FERTILIZER rate of 150 kg.ha-1 36% it was higher than 0 kg.ha-1.

Bacteria with high PHOSPHATE solubilization ability and resistant to high temperatures are good candidates for using in phosphatic microbial FERTILIZERs (PMF). Accordingly, in this study the dissolution of PHOSPHATE, thermal tolerance and viability of seven PSB (Pantoea agglomerans P5, Pseudomonas fluorescens Tabriz, P. putida Tabriz, Pseudomonas sp. C16-2O, Enterobacter sp. S16-3, Bacillus megaterium JK6 and B. firmus) were evaluated in the basal formulation of rock PHOSPHATE (45 g), bagasse (30 g) and sulfur (15 g) after providing appropriate initial microbial population. The prepared PMFs was divided into two parts and the number of viable cells was obtained after three and six months by plate count method. The provided PMFs were subjected to microbial counts in two ways. A) Half of FERTILIZER samples, were stored at room temperature then viable cells counted and B) The other half of PMF were counted after they had been exposed to a temperature of 55 ° C for 16 hours. The results showed that there was a significant difference between different phosphorus sources in terms of PHOSPHATE dissolution, and dissolution of bacteria from TCP sources compared to rock PHOSPHATE was two-fold. The highest and lowest dissolution of PHOSPHATE observed in the bacterium P. agglomerans (562 mg/l) and B. firmus (395 mg/l), respectively. None of the bacteria in PMFs formulations did not tolerate at temperatures up to 55° C, but PMFs that stored at room temperature, after three and six months of production, had an average population of 4. 3 × 105, and 0. 4 × 104 CFU/g, respectively.